While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A site north of Maqlûb near Tell Jomel, often suggested, probably involves having Alexander attack with the sun in his eyes (Schachermeyr alone realizes this, but he accepts it). Darius had his soldiers flatten the terrain before the battle, to give his 200 war chariots the best conditions. The Derbices had armed 40,000 foot-soldiers ; most of these carried spears tipped with bronze or iron, but some had hardened the wooden shaft by fire. However, by careful use of reserves and disciplined charges, the Greek troops were able to contain their Persian counterparts, which would be vital for the success of Alexander's decisive attack. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Macedonian victory spelled the end of the Persian empire founded by Cyrus II the Great and left Alexander the master of southwest Asia. Darius would have deliberately allowed Alexander to cross the rivers unopposed in order to guide him to the battlefield of his own choice.[28]. After settling affairs in Egypt, Alexander returned to Tyre during the spring of 331 BC. In the right-center he placed Persian foot guards (Apple Bearers/Immortals to the Greeks), the Indian cavalry and his Mardian archers. [41] Indian "hill-men" are also said by Arrian to have joined the Arachotians under Satrap Barsentes, and are thought to have been either the Sattagydians or the Hindush.[41]. Gaugamela was the last major battle fought by Alexander the Great against the Persian empire. The Battle at Gaugamela, in which the Macedonian King Alexander III defeated the Persian Great King Darius III on 1 October 331 B. C. ranks among the great decisive battles in history. At the battle of Gaugamela, a young 26-year-old man earned the title “Alexander, The Great”. Sixty Companions were killed in the engagement, and Hephaestion, Coenus and Menidas were all injured. To understand what ‘really’ happened you also have to take account of what has not been said and what happened afterwards. (ed.). Darius offered Alexander marriage with his daughter Stateira II, as well as all the territory west of the Halys River. Alexander's Generalship at Gaugamela - Volume 67. Sources Ancient. The main Persian infantry was poorly trained and equipped in comparison to Alexander's pezhetairoi and hoplites. Alexander’s well-trained army faced Darius’ massive battle line and organized for attack, charging the left of the Persians’ line with archers, javelin throwers, and cavalry, while defending against Darius’ outflanking cavalry with reserve flank guards. Unfortunately, our 132 Fig. This large wedge then smashed into the weakened Persian center, taking out Darius' royal guard and the Greek mercenaries. He was one of the kings own guards. While Darius had a significant advantage in numbers, most of his troops were of a lower quality than Alexander's. ). Historians Justin, Arrian and Curtius Rufus, writing in the 1st and 2nd centuries, say that Darius had sent a letter to Alexander after the Battle of Issus. Major battle of the Wars of Alexander the Great, Negotiations between Darius and Alexander, The cavalry battle in the Hellenic right wing, sfn error: no target: CITEREFDelbrück1893 (. Bessus commanded the left flank with the Bactrians, Dahae cavalry, Arachosian cavalry, Persian cavalry, Susian cavalry, Cadusian cavalry and Scythians. He would not have bothered to defend it because he considered it impassable due to the strong current and depth of the river. For a time Alexander continued to advance in column, presently, however, the What happened next was described by Arrian as the fiercest engagement of the battle, as Alexander and his companions encountered the cavalry of the Persian right, composed of Indians, Parthians and "the bravest and most numerous division of the Persians", desperately trying to get through to escape. 20 Google Scholar (Corinth); Cyr. While doing so he had the Euphrates and the mountains of Armenia on his left. Amid a lot of controversy about the Battle of Gaugamela?s location, it has been recently discovered that the battle took place in a location near Bardarash District in Duhok Province. [42] However, the absence of any mention of those elephants during the battle and their later capture in the Persian camp indicate they were withdrawn. Ancient sources are never lower than about 200,000 and often approach a million while modern sources go as low as about 55,000 and as high as 200,000. According to the classical sources, was responsible for the death of his predecessor, Darius III, after the Persian army had been defeated by Alexander the great at Gaugamela. Behind them were the guard's brigade along with any phalanx battalions he could withdraw from the battle. Alexander prevailed, however, and Mazaeus also began to pull his forces back as Bessus had. This is based on Arrian's account: For a short time there ensued a hand-to-hand fight; but when the Macedonian cavalry, commanded by Alexander himself, pressed on vigorously, thrusting themselves against the Persians and striking their faces with their spears, and when the Macedonian phalanx in dense array and bristling with long pikes had also made an attack upon them, all things together appeared full of terror to Darius, who had already long been in a state of fear, so that he was the first to turn and flee.[47]. This required almost perfect timing and maneuvering and Alexander himself to act first. [11], Darius tried to dissuade Alexander from further attacks on his empire by diplomacy. As the Persians advanced farther and farther to the Greek flanks in their attack, Alexander slowly filtered in his rear guard. Mazaeus commanded the right flank with the Syrian, Median, Mesopotamian, Parthian, Sacian, Tapurian, Hyrcanian, Caucasian Albanian, Sacesinian, Cappadocian and Armenian cavalry. Justin is less specific, and does not mention a specific daughter, and only speaks of a portion of Darius' kingdom. A second negotiation attempt took place after the capture of Tyre. The Scythian cavalry from the Persian left wing opened the battle by attempting to flank Alexander's extreme right. [40] Furthermore, according to Arrian, Diodorus and Curtius, Darius had 200 chariots while Arrian mentions 15 war elephants. Arrian I 1 9. • Arrian (1893). Bessus murdered Darius before fleeing eastwards. With it was the Paionian and Greek light cavalry. According to Curtius and Justin, Darius offered a ransom for his prisoners, although Arrian does not mention a ransom. Battle of Gaugamela, also called Battle of Arbela, (Oct. 1, 331 bc) battle in which Alexander the Great completed his conquest of Darius III’s Persian Empire. Alexander began by ordering his infantry to march in phalanx formation towards the center of the enemy line. The Persian and Indian cavalry in the center with Darius broke through. During the combat, so much of Darius’ cavalry on his left flank were drawn into the battle that they left the Persian infantry in the centre of the battle line exposed. “The Battle of Gaugamela between Macedonian Army and the Persian Army” was a decisive battle in the life of Alexander. According to Arrian, Darius' force numbered 40,000 cavalry and 1,000,000 infantry,[36] Diodorus Siculus put it at 200,000 cavalry and 800,000 infantry,[38] Plutarch put it at 1,000,000 troops[39] (without a breakdown in composition), while according to Curtius Rufus it consisted of 45,000 cavalry and 200,000 infantry. The Persian infantry at the center was still fighting the phalanxes, hindering any attempts to counter Alexander's charge. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Darius was later murdered by one of his satraps, and Alexander took the Persian capital Babylon. By then, however, the battle had been decided in the center by Alexander himself. He called on Darius to surrender to him or to meet him in battle in order to decide who would be the sole king of Asia.[16]. [7], According to Arrian, Indian troops were also deployed. Although these articles may currently differ in style from others on the site, they allow us to provide wider coverage of topics sought by our readers, through a diverse range of trusted voices. [49][better source needed]. Opposite each other, they fought and a heavy defeat of the troops [of the king he inflicted]. from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Macedonian army, underfed and exhausted from the heat, would then be defeated at the plain of Cunaxa by Darius. [15], King Darius started to prepare for another battle with Alexander after the failure of the second negotiation attempt. After the battle, Parmenion rounded up the Persian baggage train while Alexander and his bodyguard pursued Darius. The only respectable infantry Darius had were his 2,000 Greek hoplites[7] and his personal bodyguard, the 10,000 Immortals. The size of the Greek mounted army was about 7,000. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. To their right was another part of the allied Greek cavalry. Outnumbered over 5:1 in cavalry, with their line surpassed by over a mile, it seemed inevitable that the Greeks would be flanked by the Persians. More than anything else, Persian preparedness for the crisis was undermined by their having stood so long in battle formation and by the fear which usually is felt before great danger; this was not produced by the immediate crisis of battle… He formed his units into a giant wedge, with him leading the charge. The Battle of Guagamela, also known as the Battle of Arbela was the decisive and final battle fought for control over the Achaemenid Empire between Alexander III the Great and Darius III on October 1st, 331 BCE. On the ground were few hills and no bodies of water that Alexander could use for protection, and in the autumn the weather was dry and mild. The Battle of Gaugamela is regarded as the climax of a prolonged war between East and West; a war that had been intermittently waged for more than a century and a half. The mercenary cavalry was divided into two groups, veterans on the flank of the right and the rest in front of the Agrians and Greek archers, who were stationed next to the phalanx. Alexander's victory at Issus had also given him complete control of southern Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Alexander then again fought at the Siege of Gaza, which resulted in Persian troop counts becoming very low. While the infantry battled the Persian troops in the centre, Alexander began to ride all the way to the edge of the right flank, accompanied by his Companion Cavalry. In 331 BC Alexander's army of the Hellenic League met the Persian army of Darius III near Gaugam Curtius Rufus Quintus, history of ALEXANDER (3.2.7), Video : Animated reconstruction of Battle of Gaugamela, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Alexander the Great - Biography, Empire and Facts, Magee et al., The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations 2005, A contemporary Babylonian account of the battle of Gaugamela, "The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan", 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gaugamela&oldid=1021190033, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Alexander gains Babylon, half of Persia and all other parts of Mesopotamia, This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 11:41. [22], In contrast, Diodorus mentions that Mazaeus was only supposed to prevent Alexander from crossing the Tigris. Commander Alexander the Great. Parmenion was the only one who spoke up, saying, "If I were Alexander, I should accept what was offered and make a treaty." Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. Battle of Gaugamela, also called Battle of Arbela, (Oct. 1, 331 bc) battle in which Alexander the Great completed his conquest of Darius III’s Persian Empire. [27] Historian Jona Lendering argues the opposite and commends Mazaeus and Darius for their strategy. [9] Despite the overwhelming odds, Alexander's army emerged victorious due to the employment of superior tactics and the clever usage of light infantry forces. The fighting took place in Gaugamela, which literally meant "The Camel's House", a village on the banks of the river Bumodus. Alexander commanded Greek forces from his kingdom of Macedon and the Hellenic League, along with Greek mercenaries and levies from the Paeonian and Thracian tributary peoples. In the account of Diodorus, Alexander explicitly deliberated this offer with his friends. Darius would have expected him to take the faster southern route directly to Babylon, just as Cyrus the Younger had done in 401 BC before his defeat in the Battle of Cunaxa. The prisoners told the Macedonians that Darius was not far away, with his encampment near Gaugamela. At this Darius took flight, and panic spread through his entire army, which began a headlong retreat while being cut down by the pursuing Greeks. Updates? Dareios III. Questions or concerns? Your alliance gets to select 20 people to participate and you will be matched against another group of up to 20 people of a similar size from ANY server. Rather, they are largely just of conflicting tales that highlight key events. Again, Alexander refused Darius' offers. In November 333 BC, King Darius III had lost the Battle of Issus to Alexander the Great, which resulted in the subsequent capture of his wife, his mother and his two daughters; Stateira II and Drypetis. Darius managed to escape with a small corps of his forces remaining intact. They also tried to rescue the Queen Mother, Sisygambis, but she refused to go with them. Historians say that they think Alexander and his mother had something to do with this assassination. Furthermore, Diodorus and Curtius Rufus mention that Mazaeus employed scorched-earth tactics in the countryside through which Alexander's army had to pass. At the same time he dispatched letters to his eastern satraps asking them to remain loyal. Primary Source 3 The Battle of Gaugamela by Arrian nd(92-175 AD, Roman Historian from 2 Sophistic School in Greece) Darius (King of Persia) now brought into action the main body of his infantry, and an order was sent to Aretes to attack the Persian cavalry which was trying to outflank and surround the Macedonian right. Alexander was faced with the choice of pursuing Darius and having the chance of killing him, ending the war in one stroke but at the risk of losing his army, or going back to the left flank to aid Parmenion and preserve his forces, thus letting Darius escape to the surrounding mountains. A charge by Persian scythed chariots aimed at the centre of Alexander’s forces was defeated by Macedonian lightly armed soldiers. Gaugamela was the last major battle fought by Alexander the Great against the Persian empire. Warry (1998) estimates a total size of 91,000, Welman 90,000, Thomas Harbottle 120,000, Engels (1920) and Green (1990) no larger than 100,000. That Darius' troops, as recorded on day twenty-four, left their king, has created embarrassment among classicists, because it contradicts what … The Battle of Gaugamela (/ ˌ ɡ ɔː ɡ ə ˈ m iː l ə /; Greek: Γαυγάμηλα), also called the Battle of Arbela, was the decisive battle of Alexander the Great's invasion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.In 331 BC Alexander's army of the Hellenic League met the Persian army of Darius III near Gaugamela, close to the modern city of Erbil (Iraqi Kurdistan) . Attempting to stop Alexander’s incursion into the Persian empire, Darius prepared a battleground on the Plain of Gaugamela, near Arbela (present-day Irbīl in northern Iraq), and posted his troops to await Alexander’s advance. Parmenion's wing was apparently encircled by the cavalry of the Persian right wing; being attacked from all sides, it was in a state of confusion. Arrian's account is unsatisfactory, and Curtius and Diodorus, based on the dramatizing "Alexander vulgate," are confused and cannot confidently be used to supplement Arrian. The use of the scorched-earth tactic and scythed chariots by Darius suggests that he wanted to repeat that battle. Alexander then ordered Aristo at the head of the Paeonians and Grecian auxiliaries to attack the Scythians, and the barbarians gave way. Chariots were placed in front with a small group of Bactrians. The descriptions given by other historians of the third negotiation attempt are similar to the account of Diodorus, but differ in details. Part of: Alexanderzug. Losses: Macedonian, 700 of 47,000; Persian, possibly 20,000 of 100,000. However, he received desperate messages from Parmenion (an event that would later be used by Callisthenes and others to discredit Parmenion) on the left. [25], Several researchers have criticized the Persians for their failure to harass Alexander's army and disrupt its long supply lines when it advanced through Mesopotamia. Alexander reportedly replied, "So should I, if I were Parmenion." The stakes were high for him to prove to the world that he would indeed be worth to be the called “The King of Asia”. During the battle Alexander used an unusual strategy which has been duplicated only a few times. The majority of the remaining satraps gave their loyalty to Alexander and were allowed to keep their positions. Nevertheless, Darius made a third and final effort to negotiate with Alexander the Great after Alexander had departed from Egypt. A number around 70-100,000 seems the most likely for the Persians as evidence does point to a clearly larger army. He was surrounded by, on his right, the Carian cavalry, Greek mercenaries and Persian horse guards. But the Scythian cavalry and the Bactrians, who had been drawn up with them, sallied forth against them and being much more numerous they put the small body of Greeks to rout. to the fragmentary Hellenistic sources,3 or to engage in the controversy regarding the reliability of Diodorus, Curtius, and Justin with respect to Arrian.4 Our aim is to explain, from a 1 On the battles see A. M. Devine, “Grand Tactics at the Battle of Issus,” AncW 12 (1985) 39–57; G. W. Marsden, The Campaign of Gaugamela (Liverpool Darius had recruited the finest cavalry from his Eastern satrapies and from allied Scythian tribes[clarification needed] and deployed scythed chariots, for which he had ordered bushes and vegetation removed from the battlefield to maximize their effectiveness. During the night Darius and his army remained drawn up for battle as they had been from the start, because they did not have a secure camp around them and they feared as well a night attack by the enemy. 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