[39] Researchers such as Thomas Helm, Harold W. McCormick, Thomas B. Allen, William Young, Jean Campbell Butler, and Michael Capuzzo generally agree with Murphy and Lucas. I mean we've already had three incidents, two people killed inside of a week. [37], Another letter to The New York Times blamed the shark infestation on the maneuvers of German U-boats near America's East Coast. Over an 11-day period during July 1916, five people were attacked by a shark while swimming along the coast of New Jersey. They pulled him from the water, but he bled to death on the way to shore. They are generally credited as the beginning of media attention on shark attacks in the United States of America. When he opened the shark's belly, he removed a "suspicious fleshy material and bones" that took up "about two-thirds of a milk crate" and "together weighed fifteen pounds. The ensuing newspaper coverage of the tragic seaside deaths triggered a tsunami of mass hysteria. After locating the boy's body and attempting to return to shore, Fisher was also bitten by the shark in front of the townspeople, losing Stilwell in the process. After the attacks on Stilwell, Fisher, and Dunn, residents of Matawan lined Matawan Creek with nets and detonated dynamite in an attempt to catch and kill the shark. Five days later it was another young man, this one further north in Spring Lake, who screamed as a shark attacked his abdomen and legs; rescuers say he left a trail that turned the water red as they pulled him to shore. [34] Schleisser mounted the shark and placed it on display in the window of a Manhattan shop on Broadway, but it was later lost. [17], The media's response to the second attack was more sensational. "[49], In 2011, further study was conducted in the Smithsonian Channel's The Real Story: Jaws. Scientists such as Victor M. Coppleson and Jean Butler, relying on evidence presented by Lucas and Murphy in 1916, assert that a single shark was responsible. [20][21] Actress Gertrude Hoffmann was swimming at the Coney Island beach shortly after the Matawan fatalities when she claimed to have encountered a shark. Scientists who examined the body declared it a great white shark. See the graphic map, "1916–2006 United States (incl. The 1916 fatal attacks are the subject of three studies: Richard G. Fernicola's In Search of the "Jersey Man-Eater" (1987) and Twelve Days of Terror (2001) and Michael Capuzzo's Close to Shore (2001). White Shark. Since 1916, scholars have debated which shark species was responsible and the number of animals involved, with the great white shark and the bull shark most frequently cited. In Scientific American, Murphy wrote that the "white shark is perhaps the rarest of all noteworthy sharks ... their habits are little known, but they are said to feed to some extent on big sea turtles ... Judging from its physical make-up, it would not hesitate to attack a man in open water." The Attacks That Inspired Our Fear of Sharks 100 Years Ago On July 1, 1916, a young man was attacked and killed by a shark while swimming off the Jersey Shore. Sightings of large sharks swimming off the coast of New Jersey were reported by sea captains entering the ports of Newark and New York City but were dismissed. The sight of his dark, lean [dorsal] fin lazily cutting zig-zags in the surface of some quiet, sparkling summer sea, and then slipping out of sight not to appear again, suggests an evil spirit. These creatures are of a vicious disposition, and when annoyed are extremely dangerous to approach, and it is a common theory that Bruder may have disturbed one while it was asleep on or close to the surface. "[53] The reward went unclaimed and scientists remained convinced that the upper eastern coast of the United States was inhabited by harmless sharks. [26] Shark hunts ensued across the coasts of New Jersey and New York; as the Atlanta Constitution reported on July 14, "Armed shark hunters in motor boats patrolled the New York and New Jersey coasts today while others lined the beaches in a concerted effort to exterminate the man-eaters ..."[27] New Jersey governor James Fairman Fielder and local municipalities offered bounties to individuals hunting sharks. The New York Times' headline read, "Shark Kills Bather Off Jersey Beach". Joseph Dunn was taken to Saint Peter's University Hospital in New Brunswick; he recovered from the bite and was released on September 15, 1916.[11]. Guards Find Him Dying. Brody adds, "And there's no limit to what he's gonna do! "[58], By the end of July 1916, John Nichols and Robert Murphy were taking the great white more seriously. Another cartoon depicted "an exasperated individual at the end of a dock that displays a 'Danger: No Swimming' sign and mentions the three most emphasized 'danger' topics of the day: 'Infantile Paralysis (polio), Epidemic Heat Wave, and Sharks in the Ocean'." Vansant was in the surf playing with a dog and it may be that a small shark had drifted in at high water, and was marooned by the tide. [2][3], The next two major attacks took place in Matawan Creek near the town of Keyport on Wednesday, July 12. However, our examination of the site reveals that the size of the "creek," its depth, and salinity regime were closer to a marine embayment and that a smallish white clearly could have wandered into the area. The writer concluded, "This would account for their boldness and their craving for human flesh. Personal and national reaction to the fatalities involved a wave of panic that led to shark hunts aimed at eradicating the population of "man-eating" sharks and protecting the economies of New Jersey's seaside communities. Image/Wikimedia . Despite the town's efforts, no sharks were captured or killed in Matawan Creek. Fisher and others dived into the creek to find Stilwell, believing him to have suffered a seizure. Over the course of just a few days in 1916, five people were involved in shark attacks at the Jersey Shore. Bull sharks swim from the ocean into freshwater rivers and streams and have attacked people around the world. Before dinner, Vansant decided to take a quick swim in the Atlantic with a Chesapeake Bay Retriever that was playing on the beach. [44], The casualties of the 1916 attacks are listed in the International Shark Attack File—of which Burgess is director—as victims of a great white. That list of deaths in Jersey Shore Shark Attack 2012. Several men had pulled his maimed body from the water. "[46] However, the likelihood that one shark was involved is contested. Someone has suggested in the Matawan Borough article that the attack … He was rescued by lifeguard Alexander Ott and bystander Sheridan Taylor, who claimed the shark followed him to shore as they pulled the bleeding Vansant from the water. Before Stilwell could climb from the creek, the shark pulled him underwater. According to The New York Times, "women [were] panic-stricken [and fainted] as [Bruder's] mutilated body ... [was] brought ashore." Michael Schleisser and a great white shark captured in Raritan Bay, suspected to be the culprit of the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. The bull shark, however, is infamous for its freshwater meanderings, as well as for its pugnacious and aggressive nature." It\" s a holiday weekend on the Jersey Shore and, unbeknownst to anyone, underwater drills have attracted dozens of albino bull sharks to the pier. Sharks were spotted near Bayonne, New Jersey; Rocky Point, New York; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Jacksonville, Florida; and Mobile, Alabama, and a columnist from Field & Stream captured a sandbar shark in the surf at Beach Haven. A shark bit him in the abdomen and severed his legs; Bruder's blood turned the water red. Skeptical individuals, however, offered alternative hypotheses, including opinions suggesting a non-shark perpetrator and even the influence of ongoing events associated with World War I. The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 were a series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey, in the United States, between July 1 and 12, 1916, in which four people were killed and one injured. His leering, chinless face, his great mouth with its rows of knife-like teeth, which he knows too well to use on the fisherman's gear; the relentless fury with which, when his last hour has come, he thrashes on deck and snaps at his enemies; his toughness, his brutal, nerveless vitality and insensibility to physical injury, fail to elicit the admiration one feels for the dashing, brilliant, destructive, gastronomic bluefish, tunny, or salmon. 75. [1], Despite the Vansant attack, beaches along the Jersey Shore remained open. Lifeguards Chris Anderson and George White rowed to Bruder in a lifeboat and realized he had been bitten by a shark. Four attacks proved fatal. He believed that sharks tangled in fishing nets or feeding on carrion might accidentally bite a nearby human. After public panic and sensationalised newspaper stories a number of fishermen and shark hunters claimed to have caught the animal responsible. One skeptical scientist wrote, "There is a great difference between being attacked by a shark and being bitten by one." Charles Epting Vansant, 28, of Philadelphia, was on vacation at the Engleside Hotel with his family. "[6] A dorsal fin appeared in the water and the boys realized it was a shark. Ten people were killed by sharks worldwide, the … On July 8, armed motorboats patrolling the beach at Spring Creek chased an animal they thought to be a shark, and Asbury Park's Asbury Avenue Beach was closed after lifeguard Benjamin Everingham claimed to have beaten off a 12-foot-long (4 m) shark with an oar. Shortly after entering the water, Vansant began shouting. Biologists George A. Llano and Richard Ellis suggest that a bull shark could have been responsible for the fatal Jersey Shore attacks. Broadway Books, 2001. "[33] Scientists identified the shark as a young great white and the ingested remains as human. Scientific knowledge about sharks before 1916 was based on conjecture and speculation. This page was last edited on 1 May 2021, at 14:42. Lucas summed up his argument by pointing to Oelrichs's unclaimed reward and that the chances of being bitten by a shark were "infinitely less than that of being struck by lightning and that there is practically no danger of an attack from a shark about our coasts. Hawaii) Confirmed Unprovoked Attacks by White Sharks", George Burgess, "The Relative Risk of Shark Attacks to Humans: More People Mean More Attacks,", Hugh M. Smith, "Great Shark May Have Swallowed, Adam Dunn, "Review: A biting history on the roots of 'Jaws'," review of, Lane Hartill, "My, what nice teeth you have,", List of fatal shark attacks in the United States, "Shark Kills Bather Off Jersey Beach. [56] Frederic Lucas, director of the American Museum of Natural History, questioned whether a shark even as large as 30 feet (9 m) could snap a human bone. That list of deaths in Jersey Shore Shark Attack 2012. Murphy and Lucas declared the great white to be the "Jersey man-eater".[36]. [68][69] Fernicola also wrote and directed a 90-minute documentary called Tracking the Jersey Man-Eater. Being unable to move quickly and without food, he had come in to bite the dog and snapped at the man in passing. Attacked while swimming in chest-deep water about 40 yards (40 m) from … "[30], Witnesses of the Beach Haven fatality estimated that the shark was 9 feet (3 m) long. "Man-eater." Years before the attacks near the northern Jersey Shore town of Keyport, millionaire businessman Hermann Oelrichs offered a $500 prize in 1891 (more than $13,000 in today's dollars) to anyone who could prove that a shark ever bit a human in … The premise pretty much says it all and delivers exactly what you think it will. The first major attack occurred on Saturday, July 1 at Beach Haven, a resort town established on Long Beach Island off the southern coast of New Jersey. "[22][23], Local New Jersey governments made efforts to protect bathers and the economy from man-eating sharks. Robert Murphy and John Nichols wrote in October 1916: There is something peculiarly sinister in the shark's make-up. New York. The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 were a series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey, in the United States, between July 1 and 12, 1916, in which four people were killed and one injured. It was demonstrated in the Matawan Creek attacks, for example, that the full moon of the lunar cycle, which would have coincided with the attacks, would have raised the salinity in the water by more than double just a few hours before high tide. [7], The boys ran to town for help, and several men, including local businessman Watson Stanley Fisher, 24, came to investigate. "[57], The Jersey Shore attacks compelled scientists in the United States to revise their assumptions that sharks were timid and powerless. [14] The New York Times reported that Vansant "was badly bitten in the surf ... by a fish, presumably a shark. [12] According to Capuzzo, this panic was "unrivaled in American history", "sweeping along the coasts of New York and New Jersey and spreading by telephone and wireless, letter and postcard. Killer. Since an appropriate sized white shark with human remains in its stomach was captured nearby shortly after the attacks (and no further incidents occurred), it seems likely that this was the shark involved in at least the Matawan fatalities. List of Deaths Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. The second major attack occurred on Thursday, July 6, 1916, at the resort town of Spring Lake, New Jersey, 45 miles (72 km) north of Beach Haven. Located 30 miles (48 km) north of Spring Lake and inland of Raritan Bay, Matawan resembled a Midwestern town rather than an Atlantic beach resort. When Thomas Cottrell, a sea captain and Matawan resident, spotted an 8-foot-long (2.4 m) shark in the creek, the town dismissed him. It wasn’t safe to go back in the water of the Jersey Shore in 1916, as a series of deadly shark attacks forever changed Americans’ attitudes toward the sea creatures. Resort towns enclosed their public beaches with steel nets to protect swimmers. Scientists have spent much time at sea and along shore, and have several times seen turtles large enough to inflict just such wounds. One of the boys had brought along his pet dog, which was swimming with them as well. The first, a 25-year-old, went for a swim and a shark tore off both of his legs. New Theories As To Why Coast Is Now Infested", https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1951, Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 bibliography, Listen to this article or download mp3 of, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Shore_shark_attacks_of_1916&oldid=1020870583, Deaths due to animal attacks in the United States, 1916 natural disasters in the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [35], No further attacks were reported along the Jersey Shore in the summer of 1916 after the capture of Schleisser's great white shark. For the second time in a week, however, the victim of the attack bled to death within minutes. The New York Times noted that Hoffman "had the presence of mind to remember that she had read in the Times that a bather can scare away a shark by splashing, and she beat up the water furiously." "[38], Over a century later, there is no consensus among researchers over Murphy and Lucas' investigation and findings. Spielberg's film makes reference to the events of 1916: Brody (Roy Scheider) and Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) urge Amity's Mayor Vaughn (Murray Hamilton) to close the beaches on the Fourth of July after the deaths of two swimmers and a fisherman. The area where the Matawan Creek attack took place was just south of Route 35, in an area that used to be called Matawan Township (now Aberdeen Township). Matawan mayor Arris B. Henderson ordered the Matawan Journal to print wanted posters offering a $100 reward ($2,300 in 2019 dollars) to anyone who killed a shark in the creek. Four of them died. The Jersey Shore attacks immediately entered into American popular culture, where sharks became caricatures in editorial cartoons representing danger. Lucas and Nichols proposed that a northward-swimming rogue shark was responsible. The House of Representatives appropriated $5,000 ($120,000 in 2019 dollars) for eradicating the New Jersey shark threat, and President Woodrow Wilson scheduled a meeting with his Cabinet to discuss the fatal attacks. In an interview with Michael Capuzzo, ichthyologist George H. Burgess surmises, "The species involved has always been doubtful and likely will continue to generate spirited debate." Victim. Ryan - Eaten alive by Albino Deepwater Bull Sharks; Debra - Eaten alive by Albino Deepwater Bull Sharks; Richie - Fingers bitten off, eaten alive by Albino Deepwater Bull Sharks; Handsome Guido - Eaten aive by Albino Deepwater Bull Sharks; Unnamed Person - Eaten alive by Albino Deepwater Bull Sharks "[64] Richard Ellis, Richard Fernicola, and Michael Capuzzo all suggest that the 1916 Jersey Shore attacks, Coppleson's rogue shark theory, and the exploits of New York fisherman Frank Mundus inspired Benchley. The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 killed 4 people in the first 2 weeks of July 1916 along the New Jersey shore and Matawan Creek in New Jersey. Hoffman was certain she was going to be devoured by the "Jersey man-eater", but later admitted she was "not sure ... whether she had her trouble for nothing or had barely escaped death. [28] Hundreds of sharks were captured on the East Coast as a result of the attacks. "[23] Nichols later documented the occurrence of the great white shark in his biological survey Fishes of the Vicinity of New York City (1918), "Carcharodon carcharias (Linn.) [25], Resort communities along the Jersey Shore petitioned the federal government to aid local efforts to protect beaches and hunt sharks. He told The Philadelphia Inquirer in early 1916 that "it is beyond the power even of the largest Carcharodon to sever the leg of an adult man." Deaths due to fish attacks. Hooper explains to the mayor, "Look, the situation is that apparently a great white shark has staked a claim in the waters off Amity Island. He bled to death on the beach. When Charles Vansant was killed on July 1 st , the story was downplayed, if not outright dismissed. The anonymous writer claimed, "These sharks may have devoured human bodies in the waters of the German war zone and followed liners to this coast, or even followed the Deutschland herself, expecting the usual toll of drowning men, women, and children." [4] Matawan's location made it an unlikely site for interactions between sharks and humans. Categories: Deaths due to animal attacks. In his book Sharks: Attacks on Man (1975), Llano writes, One of the most surprising aspects of the Matawan Creek attacks was the distance from the open sea. "[13] At first, after the Beach Haven incident, scientists and the press only reluctantly blamed the death of Charles Vansant on a shark. "[42], Ellis points out that the great white "is an oceanic species, and Schleisser's shark was caught in the ocean. A sea captain who saw the event believed it was a Spanish shark driven from the Caribbean Sea decades earlier by bombings during the Spanish–American War. Jersey Shore Shark Attacks of 1916-Inspiration for Jaws Movie . Brian Handwerk, "Great Whites May Be Taking the Rap for Bull Shark Attacks," August 2, 2002, George H. Burgess, interview with Michael Capuzzo, n.d., available at. [65] The attacks are also briefly referred to in Benchley's novel White Shark. Shore Thing, IMDB - https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1290114, "Bathers Need Have No Fear of Sharks: Lousy Fish Expert Declares One That Killed Swimmer May Have Sought To Attack Dog,", "Motor Boats Hunt Man-Eating Sharks Off Jersey Coast,", "Shark Guards Out At Beach Resorts; Wire Nets Set Against Supposed Man-Eater That Killed Spring Lake Bather,". 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