Versions of Aloha Protocol- Pure Aloha and Slotted Aloha. Throughput S versus load G for pure ALOHA. The throughput is: The maximum throughput is 1/e frames per frame-time (reached when G = 1), which is approximately 0.368 frames per frame-time, or 36.8%. The maximum throughput occurs when G = 1. Throughput Of Slotted Aloha- Throughput of slotted aloha = Efficiency x Bandwidth = 0.368 x 100 Kbps = 36.8 Kbps . Time is globally synchronized in Pure ALOHA, Time is not globally synchronized in slotted ALOHA, In Pure ALOHA time is continuous whereas in slotted ALOHA time is discrete. Throughput is maximum at G = 1/2 that is 18%. CSMA/CD Random Access Protocol CSMA/CD means CSMA with Collision Detection. It allows each frame to be achieved with the help of special frames. As the name suggests pure aloha is the original version of the aloha protocol. Vulnerable time for pure aloha is 2 Tfr that is 2 ms. 2. If the system is operating at G = 1, the probability of an empty slot is 0.368. Se ==0.5/ 0.184 • Throughput S reaches a peak value of 0.5/ e. at load G = 0.5, and then declines back toward 0. There are types of ALOHA that are pure ALOHA, and slotted ALOHA and the main difference between pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA is that in Pure ALOHA time is continuous whereas in time slotted ALOHA time is discrete. Throughput of ALOHA Networks To express the throughput of the ALOHA random access scheme, it is often assumed that message transmission attempts occur according to a Poissonprocess with rate Gattempts per slot. This figure shows that for any value a > 0, slotted ALOHA degrades to pure ALOHA in underwater networks. Pure aloha 2. The maximum value of N 1. There is a possibility of the collision of data frames so when every station transmits the data without checking whether the channel is free or not. S = (1/2e). Data Communication and Computer Networks multiple choice questions and answers. In slotted ALOHA time is divided into different time slots. The formula of slotted ALOHA is S=S*e^-G and when the throughput is maximum, that is G=1 that is 37% of total transmitted data frames. Calculate A If The Mean Packet Length Is 1000 Bits. vulnerable period is halved as opposed to pure Aloha. When every channel transmits the data without assessing whether the channel is free or not there is always the chance of the crash of data frames. Selective Reject Aloha protocol-SREJ Aloha. At G=1/2, S takes on its maximal value of 1/(2e 0.18. So 1. Throughput is reduced by one half i.e. There are two versions of ALOHA that is Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA. The maximum throughput occurs at G = 1 that is 37%. Pure Aloha in networking allows the stations to transmit the data at anytime. a transmission is successful if and and only if in that slot only a single packet transmission is present, the throughput of successful Introduced by Norman Abramson at the University of Hawaii in 1970. Pure ALOHA allows each station to transmit the data each time they have the information to be sent. The first version of the aloha protocol is named Pure Aloha. The Slotted ALOHA is somewhere better than the Pure ALOHA. ABOUT US After the invention of Pure ALOHA in 1970 slotted ALOHA was introduced by Robert that was another method to improve the capacity of Pure ALOHA. Both pure aloha and slotted aloha works for a shared broadcast network, as LAN or WiFi LAN. Slotted Aloha is a modified version of pure aloha where we divide the time into slots of T fr. There is a formula to calculate the throughput that is S- = G*e^-2G. 22. Expected number of transmissions = e2G Which means that a small increase in the channel load, that is G, can drastically reduce its performance. What is Pure Aloha? In this, any station can transmit the data at the beginning of any time slot. This collision cause frame overloading and the frame are destroyed. All the Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs) have been compiled from the book of Data Communication and Networking by The well known author behrouz forouzan. How much channel throughout of slotted ALOHA will be in comparison to pure ALOHA. After the invention of Pure ALOHA in 1970 slotted ALOHA was introduced by Robert that was another method to improve the capacity of Pure ALOHA. • Intuitively, two or more arrivals in a vulnerable period (2X) result in a collision • For a given value of S there are two corresponding values for G. The It is also known by SREJ Aloha. In Slotted ALOHA, 37% of the time slot is empty, 37% successes and 26% collision. The throughput for slotted ALOHA is S =: G x e-G. Frames in Pure ALOHA : Frames in Slotted ALOHA Maximum Throughput of Slotted ALOHA. The maximum throughput S = 0.368 when G = 1. It allow each frame to be achieved with the help of special frames. Throughput: S = G*e-2G G = no. If a frame is damaged, then the channels waiting for a random quantity of type and retransmit the frame until it transmits successfully. This is so because there is no rule that defines when the station can send. After that, a more efficient version was developed which named slotted aloha. It is a non-slotted and random access type of VSAT protocol. In pure ALOHA probability of successful transmission is S=G*e^-2G. He suggested dividing the time into discrete intervals called slots. Slotted ALOHA improves all the problems that were in Pure ALOHA. It is comparatively much greater than the throughput of pure and slotted ALOHA. Slotted Aloha Protocol allows the stations to transmit data only at the beginning of the time slot. Key Differences Between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA while in slotted ALOHA the probability of successful transmission is S=G*e^-G. Following the pure ALOHA in 1970, Roberts introduced another system to enhance the capacity of the Pure ALOHA that’s called Slotted ALOHA. Pure ALOHA introduced by Norman and his partners at the University of Hawaii in 1970. wheres, Slotted ALOHA was introduced by Roberts in 1972. Throughput of pure ALOHA is shown below: The maximum throughput occurs at G = 0.5 and the value of throughput is 0.18 (approximately), i.e., 82% of frames end up in collisions and are therefore lost. The slotted ALOHA wait till the next time slot is free. Slotted ALOHA improves all the problems that were in Pure ALOHA. In a computer system, there is a sub-link layer, and pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA are random access protocol that is implemented. Each station outputs a 500-bit frame on an average on once every 5 sec. Pure ALOHA is firstly introduced in 1970 by Norman Abramson and his partners at the University of Hawaii. Pure ALOHA has data to be sent, and it allows every station to transmit data. The formula to compute the throughput of the Pure ALOHA is S-=G*e^-2G, the throughput is maximum when G=1/2 that is 18 per cent of the total transmitted data frames. The maximum throughput is thus− $$ S_{max}=1\times e^{-1}=\frac{1}{e}=0.368 $$ Thus, it can be seen that the maximum throughput is 36.8% in slotted ALOHA,which is an improvement over maximum throughput of 18.4% in pure ALOHA. The throughput for pure ALOHA is S = G × e −2G. Throughput of pure and slotted ALOHA protocols vs. offered load (packets/transmission time); a is a parameter representing varying maximum propagations by normalizing the delay to the transmission time (more details in Section 5.1). He graduated from the University of California in 2010 with a degree in Computer Science. Maximum Throughput of Pure ALOHA The maximum throughput occurs when G=0.5. The period of receiver and sender in pure ALOHA isn’t globally synchronized whereas, the period of receiver and sender in slotted ALOHA is globally synchronized. When frame size is uniform the throughput of pure ALOHA is maximum. In slotted ALOHA we divide the time into slots of Tfr. Pure ALOHA was introduced by Norman Abramson and Pure ALOHA was introduced in the association of the University of Hawaii in 1970 whereas Slotted ALOHA was introduced by Robert that was another method to improve the capacity of Pure ALOHA. Compared to the Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA doesn’t allow to transmit the information whenever the channel has the information to be sent. When frame size is uniform, the throughput of pure ALOHA is maximum. If the frame is free then it is ok to get the frame for the transmission of data whereas if there is no free frame, then data collide. The throughput of the Pure ALOHA gets maximized when the frames are of uniform length. In Pure Aloha, Stations transmit whenever data is available at arbitrary times and Colliding frames are destroyed. Since the probability of collision is less in Slotted ALOHA when compared with Pure ALOHA because the channel waits for the next time slot to start which let the framework in an earlier time slot to pass and avoids the collision between the frames. Pure ALOHA allows the transmission of data whenever the data to send whereas Slotted ALOHA does not allow the transmission of data. In this problem we want to find the maximum throughput with respect to p.a. The throughput for slotted ALOHA is: S = G * e-G G = One frame time e-G = Probability of zero frames in t seconds. In this Aloha, the time of the systems is divided into slots so that the system can send only one frame to a slot, and this frame can only be sent at the beginning of the slot. In Pure ALOHA time is continuous, Pure ALOHA was introduced by Norman Abramson and Pure ALOHA was introduced in the association of the University of Hawaii in 1970. The difference between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA is that in Pure ALOHA time is continuous whereas in slotted ALOHA time is discrete. The operation of slotted ALOHA in each node is simple: • When the node has a fresh frame to send, it waits until the beginning of the next slot and transmits the entire frame in the slot. Waiting time of frames should not be the same as it can cause data collisions. The best we can hope for using slotted ALOHA is 37 percent of the slots empty, 37 percent successes, and 26 percent collisions. Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA are the Random Access Protocols, that have implemented on the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer, a sublayer of Data Link Layer. There is a formula to calculate the throughput that is S- = G*e^-2G. The waiting period of each channel has to be random and it shouldn’t be same just to prevent the crash of the frames over and over. The formula to compute the throughput of the Pure ALOHA is S-=G*e^-2G, the throughput is maximum when G=1/2 that is 18 per cent of the total transmitted data frames. This time slot corresponds to the length of frames. In Pure Aloha, Stations transmit whenever data is available at arbitrary times and Colliding frames are destroyed. When the frame has damaged the stations, have to wait for the random amount of type, and when the frame is free, the transmission is done successfully. The maximum throughput is thus− S m a x = 0.5 e − 2 ∗ 0.5 = 1 2 e = 0.184 The relation between S and G is depicted in Figure 3.2, which is typical to many Aloha. The formula to calculate the throughput of the Slotted ALOHA is S=G*e^-G, the throughput is maximum when G=1 which is 37% of the total transmitted data frames. Ans: Let 1 st find out Throughput of each station When the frame has damaged the stations, have to wait for the random amount of type, and when the frame is free, the transmission is done successfully. Figure-3 depicts operation of Selective Reject ALOHA Protocol. In slotted ALOHA, there is still a possibility of collision if two stations try to send at the beginning of the same time slot Slotted ALOHA still has an edge over pure ALOHA as chances of collision are reduced to one-half. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below What is Slotted ALOHA? The formula to compute the throughput of the Slotted ALOHA is S=G*e^-G, the throughput is maximum when G=1 that is 37 per cent of the total transmitted data frames. Throughput : The Throughput of pure ALOHA is S = G x e-2G The maximum throughput Smax = 0.184 when G = 1/2 2.1.2 Slotted ALOHA Pure ALOHA has a vulnerable time of 2 x Tfr. Pure ALOHA was introduced by Norman Abramson and Pure ALOHA was introduced in the association of the University of Hawaii in 1970 whereas Slotted ALOHA was introduced by Robert that was another method to improve the capacity of Pure ALOHA. There is a possibility of the collision of data frames so when every station transmits the data without checking whether the channel is free or not. Slotted ALOHA was invented to improve the efficiency of pure ALOHA as chances of collision in pure ALOHA are very high. Slotted Aloha The slotted Aloha variation of the Aloha protocol is simply that of pure Aloha with a slotted channel. Derive The Equations For The Normalised Throughput Of The Pure-ALOHA And Slotted- ALOHA Protocols, Taking Into Account The Normalised Propagation Delay, A. In Pure ALOHA time is continuous whereas in slotted ALOHA time is discrete. In the system of network protocols, the purpose of both pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA is the same that is to determine the competing station must get the next chance of accessing the multi-access channel. A 1Mbps Pure-ALOHA Network Has A Maximum End-to-end Delay Of 100us. The formula of slotted ALOHA is S=S*e^-G, and when the throughput is maximum, that is G=1 that is 37% of total transmitted data frames. The most important difference between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA is the time in Pure Aloha is constant whereas, the time in Slotted ALOHA is different. There is a formula to calculate the throughput that is S- = G*e^-2G. In Pure ALOHA no slotting was done but the efficiency was poor. type protocols. In pure ALOHA, every time a station has data to send it transports it without waiting , in slotted ALOHA an individual wait until the next time slot beings to transmit the information. The slotted ALOHA wait till the next time slot is free. Hence SLotted ALOHA doubles the maximum carrier throughput of pure Aloha to about 36%. Synchronization could be accomplished in Slotted ALOHA with the support of a unique station that emits a pip at the start of every time slot for a clock does. There is a formula to calculate the throughput that is S- = G*e^-2G whereas the formula of slotted ALOHA is S=S*e^-G. Time is globally synchronized in Pure ALOHA whereas time is not globally synchronized in slotted ALOHA. Thus, required value of N = 368. If the frame is free then it is ok to get the frame for the transmission of data whereas if there is no free frame, then data collide. While In Slotted aloha, A station is required to wait for the beginning of the next slot to transmit. Pure ALOHA allows the transmission of data whenever the data to send whereas Slotted ALOHA does not allow the transmission of data. Every time slot corresponds to the length of the framework. The maximum throughput occur at G=1/2 that is 18% whereas, the maximum throughput occurs at G=1 that is 37%. This time slot corresponds to the length of frames. Let’s talk about the other differences between Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA in the comparison chart. The user needs to wait until the next time slot begins, to transmit the data frame. e.g. Pure ALOHA has data to be sent, and it allows every station to transmit data. In slotted ALOHA time is divided into different time slots. The main difference between Pure and Slotted ALOHA is that, In pure ALOHA, a user can communicate at any time, but risks collisions with other users’ messages whereas in slotted ALOHA the chances of collisions have been reduced by dividing the channel into time slots and requiring that the user send only at the beginning of a time slot. If the acknowledgement came for the received frame, then it’s ok, or if the two frames collide (Overlap), they are ruined. Total Number Of Stations- Throughput of slotted aloha = Total number of stations x Throughput of each station. of average frames generated in T fr Maximum throughput is 0.184 when G=1/2 2) Slotted Aloha. Also view the slides placed on the professors website for details on how the throughput of slotted ALOHA … For PURE ALOHA, the probability of a successful transmission is e-2G. Pure ALOHA has a vulnerable time of 2 x Tfr This is so because there is no rule that defines when the station can send. The throughput of the Pure ALOHA gets maximized when the frames are of uniform length. Vulnerable time for slotted aloha is 1 Tfr that is 1 ms. Q A group of N station share 100 kbps aloha channel. Aloha is the type of Random access protocol, It have two types one is Pure Aloha and another is Slotted Aloha. This collision cause frame overloading and the frame are destroyed. Slotted aloha was developed to increase the performance of the pure aloha, as there are very high chances of collision in pure aloha. Harlon currently works as a quality moderator and content writer for Difference Wiki. Solutions for Chapter 5 Problem 30P: In the previous problem, we found the throughputs of a pure and a slotted Aloha network as S = Np (1−p)2(N−1) and S = Np (1−p)(N−1) respectively. Substituting the values, we get-36.8 Kbps = N x 100 bits/sec. In Slotted ALOHA, 37 per cent of the time slot is vacant, 37% successes and 26% crash. Aloha in computer networks is an access control protocol. The slotted ALOHA peaks at G = 1, with a throughput of S =1/e or about 0.368, twice that of pure ALOHA as shown in figure 3.4. In Pure ALOHA time is continuous, Pure ALOHA was introduced by Norman Abramson and Pure ALOHA was introduced in the association of the University of Hawaii in 1970. Throughput Comparison • Stabilized pure aloha T = 0.184 = (1/(2e)) • Stabilized slotted aloha T = 0.368 = (1/e) • Basic tree algorithm T = 0.434 • Best known variation on tree algorithm T = 0.4878 • Upper bound on any collision resolution algorithm with (0,1,e) feedback T ≤ 0.568 As you can see from the Fig.3.3, slotted ALOHA peaks at G = 1, with a throughput of S =1/e or about 0.368, twice that of the pure ALOHA. If this system is operating at G … Slotted aloha? Pure ALOHA vulnerable time = 2 x T fr. Now, we shall see the difference between these Protocols: In this section of Data Communication and Networking - Multiple Access MCQ (Multiple Choice) Based Questions and Answers,it cover the below lists of topic. Follow him on Twitter @HarlonMoss, Pure ALOHA was introduced by Norman Abramson and Pure ALOHA was introduced in the association of the University of Hawaii in 1970, Slotted ALOHA was introduced by Robert that was another method to improve the capacity of Pure ALOHA. The Slotted ALOHA makes the channel to wait until the next time slot starts and let every data frame to be transmitted in the new time slot. • If there isn’t a collision, the node has successfully transmitted its frame … Waiting time of frames should not be the same as it can cause data collisions. There is a waiting time of each frame and when the waiting time is transmitting data the size of the frame should be random. The throughput of the Pure ALOHA is maximized when the frames are of uniform length. ∴ N = 368. The objective of the ALOHA protocol is to determine what competing channel must find the next chance of accessing the multi-access station at the MAC layer. Here, for the 1-persistent mode, the throughput is 50% when G=1 and for Non-persistent mode, the throughput can reach up to 90%. There is a waiting time of each frame and when the waiting time is transmitting data the size of the frame should be random. 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